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INDUSTRY LEADING METAL FORMING RESOURCES

On this page we hope to provide common terminology, bending forms and additional information that you may find useful in helping describe your product to us. If you have any additional questions please feel free to contact us.

TERMINOLOGY

PROCEDURES

SHAPES

SPECIFICATIONS

Common Bending Terms

Arc – The degree of bend for the curved portion of an pipe, tube or beam.
Bevel – A type of end finishing for a pipe, tube or beam.
Centerline Radius (CR) – Distance from the center of curve to the centerline axis of the pipe, tube or beam. Abbreviated as CLR.
Cold Bending – Using cold shaping methods to bend a pipe or other object.
Degree – An increment of angle to form a bend above the plane of 0 degrees, to which the bend is formed (i.e. 10, degrees, 45 degrees, 90 degrees, 180 degrees, etc.) See Diagram
Easy Way (EZ) – Bending of a rectangular pipe, tube or beam along its shortest dimension of length.
Hard Way (HW) – Bending of a rectangular pipe, tube or beam along its thickest dimension of length.
I.D. – The Inside diameter of the pipe or tube.
Neutral Axis – The unbent portion of an object (pipe, tube or beam) that is neither compressed or under tension due to bend.
O.D. – The Outside diameter of a pipe, tube or beam in inches.
Out of Plane – The deviation from a horizontal plane of rectangular object by a single bend, between its tangent points and the centerline of the bend.
Ovality – The distortion of pipe or tube from it’s a circular shape caused by bending.
Material Grade – Manufacturers’ specification of material for pipe, tube or beam material, (i.e. A53B, T304W SS).
Plain End – Square cuts made to a pipe, tube or beam prior to bending.
Roll Past – Degree or fraction of degree that a pipe, tube or beam is bent beyond a specified point.
Rough Cut – Pipe, tube or beam end cuts that are not required to be straight.
Square Cut – End cuts to a pipe, tube or beam that are square to the centerline of a bend after the bending process.
Tangent – The straight portion of material on either side of arc of a bend.
Tangent Point – A point where the bend of a pipe, tube or beam begins or ends.
Taper Bore – A milling or grinding out of the inside diameter of the end of a bend to create a tapered pipe or tube diameter.
Wall – The thickness in inches of the outside wall of a pipe or tube.
Wrinkles – Ribbed or wavy indentations in the inner bend angle of a bend of a pipe, tube or beam.

term-photo-1-300x250

90-degree-bend

a – First straight

b – Second straight d – pipe or tube diameter

L – Length of BendH – Height of Bend

A – Degree of Bend

W – Material wall thickness

w – Width of bend

CR – Centerline Radius

offset-bend-reference

a – First straight

b – First bend

c – Mid-straight

d – Second bend

e – Last straight

O – Height of offset

L – Length of offset

R1 – First radius

R2 – Second radius

W – Tube wall thickness

D – Tube outside diameter

Design Procedure for Bent Tubular Products

1. Research material available and bendability to determine design feasibility. Use bend radii of (2-D) 2 x O.D. of tube or greater when design permits. Always use existing tooling if possible to avoid expensive die costs.

2. When possible, always avoid bends too close together or bends within bends. This type of design requires special tooling and will greatly increase piece part costs.

3. Make all bend radii on tube being designed same radii to minimize production costs. Allow minimum of 2 X tube diameter between bends for clamping. Check with BOYCE for clamp length information.

4. Avoid expanded and reduced ends too close to bend tangent. Allow 1″ minimum on expanded or reduced ends and 4″ for flare, bead or end finishing.

5. Bend radii smaller than (2-D) 2 X tube diameter will result in specialized tooling and material. Always use the largest radius possible when designing bent parts to avoid premium bends. All rounds are designed on a centerline radius, squares and rectangles on an inside radius.

6. Bend tolerances on single bend parts are +/- 1º. On multiple bend parts +/- 1-1/2º and +/- 3/32 c-c up to 2-1/2″ and +/- 2º of bend +/- 3/16″ above 2-1/2″. Tube cutting tolerance +/- 3/32″ unless otherwise specified on part print, our quotations are based on these tolerances. Try to avoid machine tolerances and true radius dimensions on bend drawing specifications.

Common Bending Shapes

cold-bend-sketch

procedure-reference

Specifications

Maximum Allowable Working Pressures for common boiler tube sizes, SA178A or SA192, where expanded into drums or headers. From ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section I, Table PWT-10. This information is copyrighted by ASME, and is reproduced with permission. This table is presented for information only, and is not a substitute for proper ASME design procedures.

Tube Outside Diameter, inches

Thck., inches.	BWG No.	1.250	1.500	1.750	2.000	2.250	2.500	2.750	3.000	3.250
0.065	16	350
0.075	15+	550	430
0.085	14+	740	590	490	410
0.095	13	1760	760	630	530	460	400	350
0.105	12-	1980	1600	1340	1150	570	500	440	390
0.120	11		1870	1570	1340	1170	1040	930	840	460
0.135	10+			1790	1540	1340	1190	1060	960	880
0.150	9+			2020	1740	1520	1340	1200	1090	990
0.165	8				1940	1690	1500	1340	1210	1100
0.180	7					1870	1660	1480	1340	1220
0.200	6-						1870	1670	1520	1380
0.220	5							1870	1690	1540
0.240	4+								1870	1700
0.260	3+									1870
0.280	2-									2040

Common Boiler Tube Specifications

ASME Spec.	ASME Grade	ERW or Smls.	Description	Typical uses
SA-178	A	ERW	Low carbon steel – C=0.18 max.	Boiler tubes, economizers, low temp. superheaters
SA-178	C	ERW	Medium carbon steel – C=0.35 max.	Boiler tubes, economizers, low temp. superheaters
SA-178	D	ERW	Carbon-manganese steel – C=0.27 max	Not in common use
SA-192		Smls.	Low carbon steel – C=0.18 max	Waterwalls, economizers, low temp. superheaters
SA-210	A1	Smls.	Medium carbon steel – C=0.27 max.	Waterwalls, economizers, superheaters
SA-210	C	Smls.	Medium carbon steel – C=0.35 max.	Waterwalls, economizers, superheaters
SA-209	T1	Smls.	Low alloy steel – low carbon, 1/2% moly	Superheaters
SA-209	T1a	Smls.	Low alloy steel – medium carbon, 1/2% moly	Superheaters
SA-209	T1b	Smls.	Low alloy steel – low carbon, 1/2% moly	Superheaters
SA-213	T2	Smls.	Intermediate alloy – 1/2% chrome, 1/2% moly	Waterwalls, superheaters, not in common use
SA-213	T11	Smls.	Intermediate alloy – 1 1/4% chrome, 1/2% moly	Waterwalls, superheaters
SA-213	T22	Smls.	Intermediate alloy – 2 1/4% chrome, 1% moly	Waterwalls, superheaters
SA-213	T5	Smls.	Intermediate alloy – 5% chrome, 1/2% moly	High temperature superheaters, not in common use
SA-213	T9	Smls.	Intermediate alloy – 9% chrome, 1% moly	High temperature superheaters, no longer in common use
SA-213	T91	Smls.	Intermediate alloy – 9% chrome, 1% moly, 1/4% vanadium	High temperature superheaters – the latest and greatest
SA-213	Tp-304	Smls.	Stainless steel – 18% chrome, 8% nickel	Superheaters
SA-213	Tp-304H	Smls.	Stainless steel for high temperature service	High temperature superheaters
SA-213	Tp-316	Smls.	Stainless steel – 16% chrome, 11% nickel	Superheaters
SA-213	Tp-316H	Smls.	Stainless steel for high temperature service	High temperature superheaters
SA-213	Tp-321	Smls.	Stainless steel – 17% chrome, 9% nickel, 0.60% titanium	Superheaters
SA-213	Tp-321H	Smls.	Stainless steel for high temperature service	High temperature superheaters
SA-213	Tp-347	Smls.	Stainless steel – 17% chrome, 9% nickel, columbium + tantalum=1.00% max.	Superheaters
SA-213	Tp-347H	Smls.	Stainless steel for high temperature service	High temperature superheaters

For boiler tubes, A-178A is the most common, and most economical choice.

Economizers are usually made from SA-178A or SA-210-A1.

Superheater materials vary widely, with SA-178A and SA-192 used most often in the lower temperature ranges. SA-210-A1, SA-213-T11, and SA-213-T22 are commonly seen in the intermediate temperature ranges, with the stainless grades, most frequently Tp-304H and Tp-347H, reserved for the higher temperature superheaters, although SA-213-T91 is increasingly specified for the highest temperatures.

Standard Pipe Dimensions and Weights

Use this table to find dimensions and weights for standard steel, alloy, and stainless steel pipe. Many additional diameters and schedules are available – only the more common ones are shown here.

Pipe Size	Outside Dia. – Inches	I. P. S.	Schedule	Avg. Wall – Inches	Inside Dia. – Inches	Wt/Ft – Pounds
1/8″	.405		10S	.049	.307	.1863
		40	40S Std.	.068	.269	.2447
		80	80S Ex. Hvy.	.095	.215	.3145

1/4″	.540		10S	.065	.410	.3297
		40	40S Std.	.088	.364	.4248
		80	80S Ex. Hvy.	.119	.302	.5351

3/8″	.675		10S	.065	.545	.4235
		40	40S Std.	.091	.493	.5676
		80	80S Ex. Hvy.	.126	.423	.7388

1/2″	.840		5S	.065	.710	.5383
			10S	.083	.674	.6710
		40	40S Std.	.109	.622	.8510
		80	80S Ex. Hvy.	.147	.546	1.088
		160		.188	.466	1.309
			XX Hvy.	.294	.252	1.714

3/4″	1.050		5S	.065	.920	.6838
			10S	.083	.884	.8572
		40	40S Std.	.113	.824	1.131
		80	80S Ex. Hvy.	.154	.742	1.474
		160		.219	.614	1.944
			XX Hvy	.308	.434	2.441

1″	1.315		5S	.065	1.185	.8678
			10S	.109	1.097	1.404
		40	40S Std.	.133	1.049	1.679
		80	80S Ex. Hvy.	.179	.957	2.172
		160		.250	.815	2.844
			XX Hvy.	.358	.599	3.659

1 1/4″	1.660		5S	.065	1.530	1.107
			10S	.109	1.442	1.806
		40	40S Std.	.140	1.380	2.273
		80	80S Ex. Hvy.	.191	1.278	2.997
		160		.250	1.160	3.765
			XX Hvy.	.382	.896	5.214

1 1/2″	1.900		5S	.065	1.770	1.274
			10S	.109	1.682	2.085
		40	40S Std.	.145	1.610	2.718
		80	80S Ex. Hvy.	.200	1.500	3.631
		160		.281	1.338	4.859
			XX Hvy.	.400	1.100	6.408

2″	2.375		5S	.065	2.245	1.604
			10S	.109	2.157	2.638
		40	40S Std.	.154	2.067	3.653
		80	80S Ex. Hvy.	.218	1.939	5.022
		160		.344	1.689	7.462
			XX Hvy.	.436	1.503	9.029

2 1/2″	2.875		5S	.083	2.709	2.475
			10S	.120	2.635	3.531
		40	40S Std.	.203	2.469	5.793
		80	80S Ex. Hvy.	.276	2.323	7.661
		160		.375	2.125	10.01
			XX Hvy.	.552	1.771	13.69

3″	3.500		5S	.083	3.334	3.029
			10S	.120	3.260	4.332
		40	40S Std.	.216	3.068	7.576
		80	80S Ex. Hvy.	.300	2.900	10.25
		160		.438	2.624	14.32
			XX Hvy.	.600	2.300	18.58

Size	O.D.	I. P. S.	Schedule	Wall	I.D.	Wt/Ft
3 1/2″	4.000	5	5S	.083	3.834	3.472
		10	10S	.120	3.760	4.973
		40	40S Std.	.226	3.548	9.109
		80	80S Ex. Hvy.	.318	3.364	12.50
			XX Hvy	.636	2.728	22.85

4″	4.500		5S	.083	4.334	3.915
			10S	.120	4.260	5.613
		40	40S Std.	.237	4.026	10.79
		80	80S Ex. hvy.	.337	3.826	14.98
		120		.438	3.624	19.00
		160		.531	3.438	22.51
			XX Hvy.	.674	3.152	27.54

4 1/2″	5.000		40 Std.	.247	4.506	12.53
			80 Ex. Hvy	.355	4.290	17.61
			XX Hvy.	.710	3.580	32.43

5″	5.563		5S	.109	5.345	6.349
			10S	.134	5.295	7.770
		40	40S Std.	.258	5.047	14.62
		80	80S Ex. Hvy.	.375	4.813	20.78
		120		.500	4.563	27.04
		160		.625	4.313	32.96
			XX Hvy.	.750	4.063	38.55

6″	6.625		5S	.109	6.407	7.585
			10S	.134	6.357	9.289
		40	40S Std.	.280	6.065	18.97
		80	80S Ex.Hvy.	.432	5.761	28.57
		120		.562	5.491	36.39
		160		.719	5.189	45.35
			XX Hvy.	.864	4.897	53.16

7″	7.625	40	Std.	.301	7.023	23.57
		80	Ex. Hvy.	.500	6.625	38.05
			XX Hvy.	.875	5.875	63.08

8″	8.625		5S	.109	8.407	9.914
			10S	.148	8.329	13.40
		20		.250	8.125	22.36
		30		.277	8.071	24.70
		40	40S Std.	.322	7.981	28.55
		60		.406	7.813	35.64
		80	80S Ex. Hvy.	.500	7.625	43.39
		100		.594	7.439	50.95
		120		.719	7.189	60.71
		140		.812	7.001	67.76
			XX Hvy.	.875	6.875	72.42
		160		.906	6.813	74.89

Size	O.D.	I. P. S.	Schedule	Wall	I.D.	Wt/Ft
9″	9.625	40	Std.	.342	8.941	33.90
		80	Ex. Hvy.	.500	8.625	48.72
			XX Hvy.	.875	7.875	81.77

10″	10.750		5S	.134	10.482	15.19
			10S	.165	10.420	18.70
		20		.250	10.250	28.04
		30		.307	10.136	34.24
		40	40S Std.	.365	10.020	40.48
		60	80S Ex. Hvy.	.500	9.750	54.74
		80		.594	9.564	64.43
		100		.719	9.314	77.03
		120		.844	9.064	89.29
		140		1.000	8.750	104.13
		160		1.125	8.500	115.64

11″	11.750	40	Std.	.375	11.00	45.55
		80	Ex. Hvy.	.500	10.750	60.07
			XX Hvy.	.875	10.000	101.63

12″	12.750		5S	.165	12.420	22.18
			10S	.180	12.390	24.20
		20		.250	12.250	33.38
		30		.330	12.090	43.77
			40S Std.	.375	12.000	49.56
		40		.406	11.938	53.52
			80S Ex. Hvy.	.500	11.750	65.42
		60		.562	11.626	73.15
		80		.688	11.376	88.63
		100		.844	11.064	107.32
		120		1.000	10.750	125.49
		140		1.125	10.500	139.67
		160		1.312	10.126	160.27

14″	14.000	10		.250	13.500	36.71
		20		.312	13.376	45.61
		30	Std.	.375	13.250	54.57
		40		.438	13.124	63.44
			Ex. Hvy.	.500	13.000	72.09
		60		.594	12.814	85.05
		80		.750	12.500	106.13
		100		.938	12.126	130.85
		120		1.094	11.814	150.9
		140		1.250	11.500	170.21
		160		1.406	11.188	189.1

16″	16.000	10		.250	15.500	42.05
		20		.312	15.376	52.27
		30	Std.	.375	15.250	62.58
		40	Ex Hvy.	.500	15.000	82.77
		60		.656	14.688	107.5
		80		.844	14.314	136.61
		100		1.031	13.938	164.82
		120		1.219	13.564	192.43
		140		1.438	13.124	223.64
		160		1.594	12.814	245.25

Size	O.D.	I. P. S.	Schedule	Wall	I.D.	Wt/Ft
18″	18.000	10		.250	17.500	47.39
		20		.312	17.376	58.94
			Std.	.375	17.250	70.59
		30		.438	17.124	82.15
			Ex. Hvy.	.500	17.000	93.45
		40		.562	16.876	104.67
		60		.750	16.500	138.17
		80		.938	16.126	170.92
		100		1.156	15.688	207.96
		120		1.375	15.250	244.14
		140		1.562	14.876	274.22
		160		1.781	14.438	308.5

20″	20.000	10		.250	19.500	52.73
		20	Std.	.375	19.250	78.60
		30	Ex. Hvy.	.500	19.000	104.13
		40		.594	18.814	123.11
		60		.812	18.376	166.4
		80		1.031	17.938	208.87
		100		1.281	17.438	256.1
		120		1.500	17.000	296.37
		140		1.750	16.500	341.09
		160		1.969	16.064	379.17

22″	22.000	10		.250	21.500	58.07
		20	Std.	.375	21.250	86.61
		30	Ex. Hvy.	.500	21.000	114.81
		60		.875	20.250	197.41
		80		1.125	19.750	250.81
		100		1.375	19.250	302.88
		120		1.625	18.750	353.61
		140		1.875	18.250	403.00
		160		2.125	17.750	451.06

24″	24.000	10		.250	23.500	63.41
		20	Std.	.375	23.250	94.62
			Ex. Hvy.	.500	23.000	125.49
		30		.562	22.876	140.68
		40		.688	22.626	171.29
		60		.969	22.064	238.35
		80		1.219	21.564	296.58
		100		1.531	20.938	367.39
		120		1.812	20.376	429.39
		140		2.062	19.876	483.1

This table is intended to give a “quick and dirty” comparison of American, British, German, and Japanese Standards for common boiler tubing and boiler piping specifications. This table must not be used for design. There is seldom an exact match between specifications in two different Standards. Use this table only to find an approximate equivalent, then compare the details of the specifications to determine if substitution is permissable. The best source I have found (and it’s neither completely accurate nor easy to use) is the Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards, published by ASTM. It’s a revision of a handbook originally done by the Japanese, and it’s still half in Japanese, but it seems to be about the only thing available, short of buying all of the individual Standards. You can buy it off the Web at www.astm.org. Click on the Bookstore, then Technical Publications, then Steel. You may have to up the credit limit on your plastic.

The table is divided into tubing, (which is used inside the boiler setting, as in steam generating tubes, wall tubes, superheaters and economizers) and piping (which is used ouside the boiler setting, as in headers, steam piping, and feedwater lines). The German (DIN) Standards don’t appear to differentiate between the two. Heat exchanger tube specs are not included here. In general, the Japanese (JIS) specs match up pretty well with the American(ASME/ASTM), while the British (BS) and German specs are usually more difficult to find an equivalent in.

We welcome input on any poor choices, downright errors, or blank spots in the table. Please feel free to contact us with any discrepancies you may see.

ASME/ASTM	BS	DIN	JIS
Tubing Specs
SA-178 A	3059 ERW 320	17177 St37.8	G 3461 STB35 E
SA-178 C	3059 ERW 440	17177 St42.8	G 3461 STB42 E
SA-178 D			G 3461 STB52 E
SA-192	3059 S1 360	17175 St35.8	G 3461 STB35 S
SA-210 A1	3059 S1 440	17175 St45.8	G 3461 STB52 S
SA-210 C			G 3461 STB42 S
SA-209 T1	3059 S1 243	17175 15Mo3	G 3462 STBA12 S
SA-209 T1a			G 3462 STBA13 S
SA-213 T2			G 3462 STBA20 S
SA-213 T11	3059 S1 620-460	17175 13CrMo4-4	G 3462 STBA23
SA-213 T12		17175 13CrMo4-4
SA-213 T22	3059 S1 622-490	17175 10CrMo9-10	G 3462 STBA24
SA-213 T23 (not appr)
SA 213 T24 (not appr)		17175 7CrMoVTiB10-10
SA-213 T5			G 3462 STBA25
SA-213 T9	3059 S1 629-470		G 3462 STBA26
SA-213 T91	3059-2 Gr. 91	17175-X10CrMoVNb9-1	G 3462 STBA28
SA-213 Tp-304		17456 X2CrNi1911	G3463 SUS304TB
SA-213 Tp 304H	3059 CFS304S51		G3463 SUS304HTB
SA-213 Tp 316		17456 X5CrNiMo17122	G3463 SUS316TB
SA-213 Tp 316H	3059 CFS316S51		G3463 SUS316HTB
SA-213 Tp 321		17456 X6CrNiTi1810	G3463 SUS321TB
SA-213 Tp 321H	3059 CFS321S51		G3463 SUS321HTB
SA-213 Tp 347		17456 X5CrNiNB1810	G3463 SUS347TB
SA-213 Tp 347H	3059 CFS347S51		G3463 SUS347HTB
Pipe Specs
SA-53A	3602 HFS360	17175 St35.8	G 3454 STPG38
SA-53B	3602 HFS460	17175 St45.8	G 3454 STPG42
SA-106B	3602 CFS460	17175 St45.8	G 3456 STPT42
SA-106C	3602 CFS460		G 3456 STPT49
SA-335-P11	3604 CFS621	17175 13CrMo44	G 3458 STPA23
SA-335-P22	3604 CFS622	17175 10CrMo910	G 3458 STPA24
SA-335-P9	3604 CFS629-470		G 3458 STPA26
SA-335-P91	3604-2 Gr. 91

ASME – American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM specs are generally identical to ASME).

BS – British Standards

DIN – Deutsche Industrie Normen (German Standards)

JIS – Japanese Industrial Standards

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